over decades and centuries

Eras featuring three or more Great Power states—multipolar eras—are the most common since the dawn of the modern-state era in 1648. But their dynamics are unfamiliar to modern statesmen. Multistate GPC is conducted over decades and centuries, not years. Spain, France, England, the Netherlands, and the Ottoman Empire competed as Great Powers across multiple continents from the late 1500s into the early 1700s. Spain, France, and Great Britain (formed in 1707 when England united with Scotland) ufabet